Wastewater is needed for both private homes and industrial premises. But it is not always possible to connect to a centralized network. In such a situation, it is required to install an autonomous sewer system. You can purchase a finished treatment plant and invite specialists to mount it on the site. But it’s more economical to build an autonomous sewer with your own hands.
Types of treatment facilities for a private house
Before proceeding with the local sewage system in a private house with their own hands, the type of treatment plant is selected. The layout of highways and the technology for their installation depends on this.
Hermetic cesspool
This is a classic version of a wastewater reservation. The construction of the pit is not difficult and cheap, but the technological characteristics of the design are inferior to modern treatment devices. A tank of concrete rings, a brick shaft requires quite frequent pumping of contents.
When creating a cesspool, it is necessary to give tightness to the walls or the bottom, especially if you constantly live in a private house, or if in the country the volume of sewage is more than a cube per day.
Septic tanks
Septic tanks come in both single-chamber and multi-chamber designs. Thanks to additional bio-treatment with the help of anaerobic bacteria, the time intervals between the pumping out of polluted waters are increased. Some systems allow purification up to 95 percent and use water for technological needs. But to build such a device is difficult.
They make tanks for septic tanks from brick, concrete, large plastic barrels.
With the availability of funds, it is easier to purchase a ready-made plastic septic tank, a local type cleaning station, or an automatic unit. Mounting such a device yourself is almost impossible. Special equipment will be required - professionals will have to be hired.
Stages of the construction of sewage
The device of an autonomous sewage system in a private house with your own hands is not as difficult as it seems, with competent design and accurate installation work.
Design work
The local sewage system will work without fail if all technological nuances are taken into account. An analysis is carried out at the design stage of the drain lines.
When designing a home sewage system, it is necessary to consider:
- The average amount of water consumption per day. Capacity should accommodate at least three daily average rates.
- The total number of drain points.
- Terrain relief. The facility for cleaning or storage is located at the lowest level.
- The standard distance between highways and the distance from them to buildings.
Before selecting an autonomous sewer, the soil composition in the territory where the place for sewage will be located is analyzed. Only in non-acidic and loose soil microorganisms live that are able to naturally process waste into organic matter. The earths are heavy and clayey - empty, beneficial bacteria do not live in them. In addition, virtually no water passes through the clay. On such soils, it is desirable to install pressurized evacuation tanks or bio-treatment systems.
The water table is also checked. A septic tank or cesspool should be installed so that the effluents do not contaminate subsoil sources. If the groundwater level is high, an additional installation of a filtration well will be required. When laying sewer highways, the depth of freezing of the soil is also important.The pipeline must be buried below this mark.
When calculating the average daily volume of water, not only the number of people constantly living in the house is taken into account, but also those people who come to visit.
The drain well should be located away from buildings or a source of water intake so that there are no problems with the environment and the health of residents.
Sewerage system installation
If a visit to a summer cottage is infrequent, it is assumed that there is a periodic rest, rather than permanent residence, there is no need to build an expensive structure. A rational option is to install a storage tank. You can also make a sealed cesspool.
The owners of small private houses are popular devices based on concrete rings. To create them, you will have to call special equipment, for example, a crane to lower the structural elements into the pit, but still such a treatment plant is optimal in price and quality.
The scheme for creating an autonomous sewer from concrete rings includes the following points:
- Drives are mounted on a concrete base. It is the bottom of the treatment plant and requires a waterproofing coating. In a septic tank for one camera, this condition is mandatory. If the device involves two cameras, then in the first they make a waterproof bottom, and in the second it can be replaced with a filtering membrane. Through it, the clarified water will go into the soil. If the installation has three chambers, the bottom is sealed in the first two, and a filter membrane is placed in the third.
- The depth of the septic tank depends on the number of concrete products and their height. Usually put three of these elements. But the volume of the treatment plant is determined not only by this indicator. The section of concrete rings is taken into account.
- The mounting of the rings on top of each other must be very precise so that the elements fit together without gaps. Small slots are removed with concrete mortar. If the septic tank is deep, it is advisable to apply the solution to the joints of the rings.
- To bring out communications, holes are drilled in the rings with a hammer drill. When the pipe snaps into place, the gaps are also poured with concrete and a layer of waterproofing.
If a sewer device of this type consists of several overflow tanks, there should be pipe connections at the top. They are needed for the transfer of fluid from one tank to another and subsequent purification. Each of them is located slightly lower at the entrance than the previous one. The first is mounted at a distance of less than 250 mm from the edge of the upper ring.
Ventilation devices
Autonomous sewer system requires the arrangement of ventilation. It is desirable to do it, even if the device is small. The ventilation system can be equipped by connecting fan pipes or vacuum valves. The fan pipe is removed from the tank to the outside so that the smell does not reach the living quarters.
If cleaning bacteria are used, it is advisable to install an aerator. It is needed to supply more oxygen to microorganisms. The device can be easily manufactured independently, withdraw the pipe from the septic tank like a riser, and plug it at the top. On the side, weld in the intake for forced air injection.
Also, for better ventilation, vacuum valves are installed. It is better to combine them with fan pipes, since they themselves will not provide sufficient ventilation.
After installation of the septic tank and pipelines emerging from it, the internal system is wired in the sanitary facilities of the building. Sewer pipes must be hermetically connected to the conclusions of the main sections coming from the septic tank.
