Proper planning of heating is not only about the choice of components and the way they are installed. Any system should be not only reliable, but also economical. Therefore, you should pre-calculate the cost of heating the house: gas, energy, heat, water. The choice of methodology depends on the type of heat supply and a number of external factors.
What does energy consumption depend on?
Recently, more and more often they began to pay attention to the economic component of the system for maintaining a comfortable temperature in the house. At the same time, they strive to ensure that the heat consumption for heating is optimal. But to fulfill this condition, it is necessary to understand the reasons for excessive energy consumption or low efficiency.
First you need to calculate the annual heat consumption for heating. The budget for the operation of heat supply will depend on this. Of course, the cost of the energy carrier may change, but the general methodology allows you to quickly recalculate and find the optimal flow rate. The implementation of this event will allow at least to know the future costs, and with a professional approach - to optimize them.
There are several factors that affect the heat consumption for heating, the formula for which is quite simple. First of all, these are the technical indicators of a house or apartment. These include the level of heat loss, total area, volume and number of rooms.
There are a number of other factors that directly affect the hourly average heat consumption for heating:
- Boiler type. In particular, the type of fuel used. The highest efficiency indicator for electrical equipment. However, when analyzing the cost / expense ratio, natural gas remains optimal. For balloon this value is slightly lower. The worst situation is with solid fuels. Exceptions are long-burning boilers and pellet plants;
- Material for the manufacture of radiator pipes. When calculating the heat consumption for heating, the energy losses during the passage of hot water through pipes and radiators are taken into account. It directly depends on the coefficient of thermal conductivity. It should be low for pipes and maximum for radiators and batteries;
- Climatic conditions. The lower the outside temperature, the higher the gas consumption in the heating boiler. This must be taken into account when drawing up the temperature schedule of the heat supply.
Only after taking into account all these indicators can we talk about economical heating. It is possible to determine the propane consumption for heating a house by a complex method. Its first stage is to find the norm of thermal energy, depending on all factors.
It is possible to correctly calculate the gas flow for heating only after a detailed review of the boiler passport, as well as using specialized programs to determine the heat supply parameters.
Determination of consumption rates for heating
Self-calculation of the annual heat consumption for heating is carried out after finding the heat loss in the house. They, in turn, depend on the degree of insulation of the house, the configuration of window and door structures. Several methods can be used to calculate the total heat loss.
In the simplest formula of heat consumption for heating, only the total area of the house, the average value of the heat transfer resistance of the walls, the temperature inside and outside the building are used. It is important to correctly determine not only the average rate of energy consumption, but also to draw up a graph of the heating load.The first step is to calculate the optimal boiler output. This can be done using the following formula:
W = P * K * (Tvn-Tnar)
Where W - determined boiler power, kW;R - wall heat transfer coefficient, W / m² * C;TO - total area of the house, m²;Tv and Tnar - temperature inside and outside the building, ° С.
To form a power margin, it is recommended to add 10% to the result obtained. This will increase the average hourly heat consumption for heating while increasing the length of the system without its global modernization.
But it is not always possible to determine the heat transfer of walls without knowing the material of their manufacture. In this case, you can use a different technique. If the house is built in accordance with SNiPs and GOSTs - the degree of its insulation should be at a good level. Then, correction factors are applied, which depend on the regional location of the building - G.
In this case, the formula for heat consumption for heat supply is as follows:
W = K * G
It is important that it does not take into account the height of the building and the wind rose in a particular region. But for an approximate calculation of a one or two-story house, it is quite applicable. It is only necessary to choose the correct correction factor. The nominal heat consumption for heat supply will depend on this. This can be done from the table data.
|
Region |
Correction factor |
| Central part of Russia |
0.1 to 0.15 |
| Northern regions - Arkhangelsk, Murmansk |
0.15 to 0.2 |
| Southern part of Russia |
0.07 to 0.09 |
The resulting figure will be the hourly average heat consumption for heat supply. But in addition to this, it is necessary to determine the load on heating, depending on the temperature on the street. For this, a heating schedule is drawn up, which indicates the operating power of the boiler, depending on weather conditions. Using this information, you can determine the annual heat consumption for heat supply.
The simplest calculation method, with the help of which the rate of gas consumption for heating is found, is the ratio of 1 kW of thermal energy per 10 m² of living space. However, it is very approximate and can only be used to verify the above methods.
Consumption for gas heating
Currently, there are two types of gas heating - connected to the central highway and cylinder. In the first case, the amount of energy consumed depends only on the characteristics of the boiler and the pressure in the pipeline. Actual consumption of liquid gas for heating a house depends on other parameters.
To determine the amount of fuel, it is necessary to know its calorific value. On average, it is 12.8 kW / kg. To calculate the daily, hourly and seasonal consumption of liquid gas for heating a house, it is necessary to divide the already known value of the rated boiler power by the calorific value. For example, it is known that the nominal hourly heating power is 4 kW. Based on this, we find the fuel consumption for 1 hour of heat supply:
4 / 12.8 = 0.312 kg / hour
But this will only be true during normal operation of the boiler at optimum power. It differs from the minimum and maximum. In addition, to calculate the gas consumption for heating, you should familiarize yourself with the boiler operating instructions. It indicates the energy consumption for various operating modes.
Steps for further calculations of gas flow for a heating boiler:
- Cylinder volume. He will determine the degree of its filling. The most rational use of 50 liter containers. They fit 23 kg of fuel.
- Calculation of the number of cylinders. It is recommended to have a reserve for 5-7 days of heating. Those. for the above example, taking into account the rate of gas consumption for heating, this value will be (0.32 * 24 * 7) / 23 = 2 cylinders.
- Adaptation of flow to the heat supply schedule. This will make it possible to determine the load on the system at various outdoor temperatures.
At the end, the average rate of gas consumption for heat supply is determined. The total amount of energy is divided by the number of days in the heating season. In the future, you can schedule gas purchases.
To calculate the consumption of natural gas in a heating boiler, you can use a different technique. On average, 0.1 m³ of energy will be required to generate 1 kW of thermal energy. Based on this, it is possible to calculate the gas consumption for heat supply according to all the parameters of interest - hourly, daily or seasonal. In the last two options, you must take into account the load on the system and the operating time of the equipment.
As can be seen from the above, the determination of propane consumption for heating a house is a mandatory procedure. The schedule for the purchase of fuel will depend on this, the place for its storage, the optimal and minimum volume will be determined.
The state of the boiler affects the flow of liquid gas for heating the house. This includes the cleanliness of the nozzles, the level of adjustment of the burner (single-stage, two-stage or modular), as well as the draft indicator in the chimney.
Calculation of electricity for heating
Since electric energy is the most expensive, it is necessary to calculate its consumption of equipment as accurately as possible. To solve this problem, you will need to comply with all requirements of installation and operation. Only after these measures can you calculate the consumption of electricity for heating the house.
This type of heat supply differs from others in the highest indicator of efficiency. With the right choice of equipment and its installation, it approaches 100%. Those. energy consumption for heating a house is calculated without taking into account losses, since they are minimal.
Exceptions are heat losses in the pipeline - pipes and radiators. However, for the correct installation and maintenance of the system, you should correctly select the cross-section of the connected wiring. It depends on the power of the heating equipment.
The table shows the recommended wire cross-sections for arranging heating with an electric boiler.
|
Boiler power, kW |
Single phase connection |
Three phase connection |
|
4 |
4 |
|
|
6 |
6 |
|
|
10 |
10 |
|
|
12 |
16 |
2,5 |
|
16 |
4 |
|
|
22 |
6 |
|
|
27 |
10 |
In fact, to calculate the consumption of electricity for heating a house, you need to know the rated power of the boiler. It depends on the area of the building, its technical characteristics. Calculation methods taking into account these indicators were indicated above. To reduce the financial costs of heat supply using electricity, you can install additional equipment:
- Two-rate counter. The cost of 1 kW of electricity is lower at certain hours of the night;
- Thermal battery. With it, you can reduce the cost of heating with an electric boiler. However, it has large dimensions and therefore its installation is relevant only for the heating of a private house;
- Weather dependent programmer. Temperature sensors are connected to it on the street and in the premises. It regulates the power of the boiler depending on the received data on the degree of air heating. This will optimize the current energy consumption for heating the house.
However, not in all cases the efficiency of electric heat supply will be high. This refers to the first launch of the PLEN and its return to normal operation. At this time, there will be an increased consumption of electricity for heating the house. System stabilization time can be from 2 to 5 days. When calculating costs, this factor must be taken into account.
Some sources indicate the economical consumption for heating by an electric boiler of ionic or induction type. However, in fact, the indicator of electricity consumption will remain unchanged.
To reduce the consumption of electricity for heat supply at home, heat losses through the boiler body should be reduced. For this, manufacturers make good thermal insulation. If it is missing, you must install it yourself.
Water consumption in home heating
In fact, the term water consumption in the heating system does not imply its constant decrease, but the speed of passage through the entire system. It indicates how often heat losses will be compensated during normal coolant circulation.
To determine this indicator, the formula for water consumption for heating is applied, or tabular data are taken into account. In the first case, it is necessary to know the rated power of the system (boiler), the temperature regime of the system, as well as the specific heat of the coolant. In fact, these indicators are determined by preliminary calculation of the system at the design stage. With their help, you can find out the future parameters of the water flow in the heating system.
For self-calculation, you should use the formula:
G = Q / (c * (Tob-Tpod))
Where G - actual water flow in the heat supply system, kg / s;with - heat capacity of the coolant. For water, this value is 4200 J / kg * C;Tob and Tpod - temperature in the supply and return pipes, ° С.
Using this formula for heating water consumption, you can determine not only its nominal characteristics, but also choose the right circulation pump. It will help to find out the optimal power of the equipment. It is also necessary for calculating the cross section of pipes.
During the operation of heating, a decrease in its performance is possible. This is affected by the quality of the heat supply service - flushing frequency, use of the optimal heat carrier, system load.
Ways to reduce heating costs
To reduce the planned costs of heat supply, several productive methods can be used. First of all, it is necessary to reduce the influence of external factors on the system. This primarily relates to the degree of thermal insulation of the house.
In fact, the work of heating is aimed at compensating for the heat loss of the building. To minimize them, insulation of the external walls, floor and roof should be done. However, one should not forget about the proper ventilation rate. Also, special attention should be paid to window structures. It is through them that most of the heat leaves.
To reduce these losses, double-glazed windows should be installed. Additionally mounted energy-saving film.
In addition to these methods, the following options for reducing heat supply costs are possible:
- Mounting thermostats on radiators. With their help, you can adjust the level of coolant inflow and the degree of heating of the device;
- Battery reflective screens. They direct thermal energy inside the room;
- The use of regulatory equipment.
These methods will reduce current costs for heat supply by 10-15%. But do not abuse the savings - the temperature in the rooms of the house should be at a comfortable level. It ranges from + 17 ° C to + 22 ° C.
In the video you can find an example of heating costs for houses built from various materials:
